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LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly inhibited CBD-induced autophagy, demonstrating that PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in the CBD’s regulation of autophagy. Furthermore, we found that CBD treatment upregulated PI3K/AKT signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1. Therefore, these findings suggested that CBD treatment protects against cerebral injury induced by HS-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to reinforce autophagy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE Prospectively characterize changes in serum proteins following sport-related concussion and determine if candidate biomarkers discriminate concussed athletes from controls and are associated with duration of symptoms following concussion. METHODS High school and collegiate athletes were enrolled between 2015 and 2018. Blood was collected at pre-injury baseline and within 6 hours (early-acute) and at 24-48 hours (late-acute) following concussion in football players (n = 106), matched uninjured football players (n = 84) and non-contact sport athletes (n = 50). Glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase-L1, S100 calcium binding protein B, alpha-II-spectrin breakdown product 150, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and c-reactive protein were measured in serum. Linear models assessed changes in protein concentrations over time. Receiver operating curves quantified the discrimination of concussed athletes from controls. A Cox proportional hazard model determined if proteed by copyright. Metabolism inhibitor All rights reserved.Dupilumab is a human monoclonal antibody blocking the signalling pathways of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 to treat patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Some AD patients develop refractory facial erythematous lesions, which may be an adverse effect of topical corticosteroids. A report based on data from three phase III clinical trials indicated that dupilumab improved AD across different anatomical regions, however, resulted in inferior improvements for the head/neck in SOLO (monotherapy with dupilumab). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved and powerful drive, although its complete functions are still unknown. One possible function of sleep is that it promotes brain development. The amount of sleep is greatest during ages when the brain is rapidly developing, and sleep has been shown to influence critical period plasticity. This supports a role for sleep in brain development and suggests that abnormal sleep in early life may lead to abnormal development. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States. It is estimated that insomnia affects 44%-86% of the ASD population, predicting the severity of ASD core symptoms and associated behavioral problems. Sleep problems impact the quality of life of both ASD individuals and their caregivers, thus it is important to understand why they are so prevalent. In this review, we explore the role of sleep in early life as a causal factor in ASD. First, we review fundamental steps in mammalian sleep ontogeny and regulation and how sleep influences brain development. Next, we summarize current knowledge gained from studying sleep in animal models of ASD. Ultimately, our goal is to highlight the importance of understanding the role of sleep in brain development and the use of animal models to provide mechanistic insight into the origin of sleep problems in ASD. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.AIMS Exploring social and health care representations of home birth by conducting an integrative review of the literature. DESIGN Integrative Literature Review. DATA SOURCES The search was based on the following keywords “birth, home,” “home birth,” “childbirth, home.” And the terms “planned home birth,” and “empowerment women homebirth” (in English). “partos en casa,” and “partos domiciliarios” (in Spanish) in the following databases Biomedical Central, Cochrane Library, Dialnet, DOAJ, Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus, Scielo, and Web of Science. REVIEW METHODS A total of 156 publications dated between 2004 and 2017 were initially obtained and a total of 41 articles were finally selected according to the criteria of inclusion, methodological rigor, and researchers’ triangulation. RESULTS Four dimensions of the issue emerged out of the 41 articles analyzed (a) the Dimension of “Empowerment in Childbirth;” (b) the Dimension of “Comparative Socio-Medical Childbirth Studies;” (c) the “Institutional Dimension of Childbirth;” (d) the “Cultural Dimension of Childbirth.” CONCLUSION From the health management perspective, home birth is not widely accepted today as a valid and safe alternative. However, women’s social representations indicate an interest in returning to birth at home as a response to the excessive medicalization and institutionalization of childbirth, and value highly its autonomy and comfort. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Since its inception, Shannon’s information theory has attracted interest for the study of language and music. Recently, a wide range of converging studies have shown how efficient communication pervades language, from phonetics to syntax. Efficient principles imply that more resources should be assigned to highly informative items. For instance, average information content was shown to be a better predictor of word length than frequency, revisiting the famous Zipf’s law. However, in spite of the success of the efficient communication framework in the study of language and speech, very little work has investigated its relevance in the analysis of music. Here, we examine the organization of harmonic information in two large corpora of Western music, one made of MIDI files directly sequenced from scores, and the other made of MIDI recordings of live performances of highly skilled piano players. We show that there is a clear positive relationship between (contextual) information content of harmonic sequences and two essential musical properties, namely duration and loudness the more unexpected a harmonic event is, the longer and the louder it is. © 2020 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.